In November of 1980, I was the director of Juvenile Advocates, a
legal advocacy program for incarcerated teens located in Morgantown,
West Virginia. My job consisted of monitoring the treatment of
juveniles who were locked up in county jails, detention centers and
what were known then, as reform schools. Perhaps the most interesting
part of the job was that about every two weeks I would drive the
roller-coaster roads of the state to interview the kids locked up in
the various institutions from the West Virginia Industrial School for
Boys in
Pruntytown to the West Virginia Industrial School for Girls in Salem
and the Leckie Youth Center, located way down in the coalfields of
McDowell County.
The names “Industrial School” and “Reform School” were vestiges of the
early 20th century reform movement. Prior to that age of enlightenment,
teenagers who broke the law were treated identical to adults. They were
tried in criminal courts, locked up in state prisons along side adult
inmates and even hung from the gallows. With the advent of the
progressive movement, delinquency came to be thought of more as a
social problem having its roots in poverty, discrimination and family
disintegration. I could quote the great turn-of-the century social
reformer Jane Adams, but I think the Jets provide the most eloquent
explanation: “Dear Kindly Sgt. Krupke, you gotta understand, it’s just
our upbringing upke that gets us out of hand, our mothers all are
junkies, our fathers are all drunks, golly Moses naturally we’re
punks.” Rather than punish
delinquents in prisons, the thinking went, they should be sent to
schools to
be ‘reformed,’ made more ‘industrious.’